Explorando el ciclo urbano hidrosocial en entornos turísticos

Elena Ridolfi

doi:10.14198/INGEO2014.61.02

Autores/as

Elena Ridolfi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO2014.61.02

Palabras clave:

Ciclo hidrosocial, Agua, Gobernanza, Turismo, Región Mediterránea

Resumen

Esta contribución intenta examinar primero cómo diferentes perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas de la geografía y las ciencias ambientales exploran los flujos de agua en sus dimensiones física y social en la ciudad, así como sus modificaciones, en respuesta a las complejidades y desafíos urbanos emergentes. A través del marco establecido por la disciplina de la Ecología Política Urbana, miro cómo las dimensiones físicas y sociales de los flujos de agua se desarrollan e influyen en el proceso de urbanización y, a su vez, se ven influenciada por la urbanización. En la segunda parte, se presta atención a las zonas urbanas costeras del Mediterráneo como laboratorios candidatos de análisis en el marco de ecología política urbana, ya que están sujetas a rápidos procesos de cambio social y ambiental en el que el agua juega un papel fundamental. Los estudios de caso incluidos para examinar las dimensiones físicas y sociales de los flujos de agua incluyen la ciudad cultural de Venecia y el destino turístico de masas de Benidorm.

Financiación

This work is the result of a preliminary research conducted for the preparation of a PhD’s thesis in Geography, Spatial Planning and Public Policies, supported by the PhD scholarship, number FI_B 00773, of the Agency for Management of University and Research Grants of Catalonia (AGAUR), the Comisionado para Universidades e Investigación (CUR), the Departamento de Innovación, Universidades y Empresa (DIUE) and the European Social Fund.

Citas

ALBERTI, M. (1999): “Modeling the urban ecosystem: a conceptual framework”, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 26(4), pp. 605-630. https://doi.org/10.1068/b260605

ALBERTI, M. (2008): Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. Ed. Springer. New York.

AMORES, M. J, MENESES, M., PASQUALINO, J., ANTÓN, A. & CASTELLS, F. (2013): “Environmental assessment of urban water cycle on Mediterranean conditions by LCA approach”, Journal of Cleaner Production, n° 43, pp. 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.033

BAKKER, K. (2005): “Neoliberazing Nature? Market Environmentalism in water Supply in England and Wales”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(3), pp. 542-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00474.x

BARDATI, D. (2009): “Water, science and humans: Exploring the hydrosocial cycle in the St. Francis River Watershed”, Northeastern Geographer, n° 1, pp. 45-58.

BARNES, J. (2012): Mixing Waters: The Reuse of Agricultural Drainage Water in Egypt. Geoforum.

BARRACÓ, H., PARÉS, M., PRAT, A. & TERRADAS, J. (1999): 1985-1999. Ecologia d’una ciutat. Comissió de Medi Ambient i Serveis Urbans de l’Ajuntament de Barcelona. Barcelona.

BATTY, M. & MARSHALL, S. (2012): The origins of complexity theory in cities and planning. In: Portugali, J., Meyer, H. & Stolk, E. Ed. Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age. pp. 24 - 47). Springer Verlag. Berlin and Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24544-2_3

BANISTER, J. M. (2013): “Are you Wittfogel or against him? Geophilosophy, hydro-sociality, and the state”, Geoforum.

BLUE PLAN (2008): The Blue Plan’s Sustainable Development Outlook for the Mediterranean. Sophia Antipolis, Plan Bleu. France.

BOELENS, R. (2013): “Cultural politics and the hydrosocial cycle: Water, power and identity in the Andean highlands”, Geoforum.

BOULEAU, G. (2013): “The co-production of science and waterscapes: The case of the Seine and the Rhône Rivers, France”, Geoforum.

BOURBLANC, M. & BLANCHON, D. (2013): “The challenges of rescaling South African water resources management: Catchment Management Agencies and interbasin transfers”, Journal of Hydrology.

BRATINA JURKOVI, N. (2011): Landscape management methodologies: A synthesis report of thematic studies. Priority Actions Programme, Split.

BRILLY, M., RUSJAN S., & VIDMAR A. (2006): “Monitoring the impact of urbanization on the Glinscica stream”, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31(17), pp. 1089-1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.07.005

BUDDS, J. (2008): Whose scarcity? The hydrosocial cycle and the changing waterscape of La Ligua River Basin, Chile. In: Goodman, M., Boykoff, M., Evered, K. (Eds.), Contentious Geographies: Environmental Knowledge, Meaning, Scale. Ashgate Studies in Environmental Policy and Practice. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot, pp. 59-78.

BUDDS, J. (2009): “Contested H2O: science, policy and politics in water resources management in Chile”, Geoforum n° 40(3), pp. 418–430.

BUDDS, J. & HINOJOSA, L. (2012): “Restructuring and Rescaling Water Governance in Mining Contexts: The Co-Production of Waterscapes in Peru”, Water Alternatives, 5(1), pp. 119-137.

BURY, J. MARK, B. G., CAREY, M. YOUNG, K. R., MCKENZIE, J. M., BARAER, M., FRENCH, A. & POLK, M. K. (2013): “New Geographies of Water and Climate Change in Peru: Coupled Natural and Social Transformations in the Santa River Watershed”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(2), pp. 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.754665

CARRARO, C. (2009): Cambiamenti climatici e strategie di adattamento in Italia. Una valutazione economica. Il Mulino. Bologna.

CASTRO, J. E. (2004): “Urban water and the politics of citizenship: the case of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the 1980s and 1990s”, Environment and Planning A, n°36, pp. 327-346. https://doi.org/10.1068/a35159

CASTRO, J. E. (2013): “Water is not (yet) a commodity: Commodification and rationalization revisited”, Human Figurations. Long-term Perspectives on the Human Condition, n°2(1).

CLARKE-SATHER, A. (2012): “State development and the rescaling of agricultural hydrosocial governance in semi-arid Northwest China”, Water Alternatives, 5(1), pp. 98-118.

COOK, I. R. & SWYNGEDOUW E. (2012): Cities, Social Cohesion and the Environment: Towards a Future Research Agenda. Urban Studies, 49(9), pp. 1959–1979. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012444887

DE VRIES, B. & GOUDSBLOM J. (2002): Mappae Mundi. Humans and their Habitats in a Long-Term Socio- Ecological Perspective. Myths, Maps, and Models. Ed. Amsterdam University Press. Amsterdam.

DUVIGNEAUD, P. & DENAEYER-DE SMET. S. (1977): “L’écosystème urbain bruxellois. In Productivité en Belgique, edited by P. Duvigneaud and P. Kestemont. Traveaux de la Section Belge du Programme Biologique International, Brussels. Ed. Duculot. Paris.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE (2002): Towards an urban atlas: Assessment of spatial data on 25 European cities and urban areas. Environmental issue report n° 30, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen.

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (EEA) (2006): Urban Sprawl in Europe. The ignored challenge.

EEA Report 10. European Environment Agency. Copenhaguen.

FERNÁNDEZ, S. (2013): “Much Ado About Minimum Flows... Unpacking indicators to reveal water politics”, Geoforum.

FLETCHER, T. D., ANDRIEU, H. & HAMEL, P. (2013): “Understanding, management and modelling of urban hydrology and its consequences for receiving waters: A state of the art”, Advances in Water Resources, n°51, pp. 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.09.001

FLEURY, M. A. (2003): Unearthing Montreal’s Municipal Water System Amalgamating and Harmonizing Urban Water Services, FES Outstanding Graduate Student Paper Series, 8(7), pp. 59.

FONSTAD, M. A. (2013): “Geographies of Water”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, n°103(2), pp. 251-252.

GANDY, M. (1997): “The making of a regulatory crisis: restructuring New York City’s water supply”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, n° 22, pp. 338-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.1997.00338.x

GANDY, M. (2008): “Landscapes of disaster: water, modernity, and urban fragmentation in Mumbai”, Environment and Planning A, n° 40, pp. 108-130. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3994

GASPAR, J. (1984): Urbanization: growth, problems and policies. In Southern Europe Transformed: Political and Economic Change in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, A Williams. Ed. Harper and Row publishers London, pp. 208-235.

GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP (2000): Towards Water Security: A Framework for Action, GWP, March.

GÖSSLING S., PEETERS, P., HALL, M., CERON, J. P., DUBOIS, G., LEHMANN, L. V., SCOTT D., (2012): “Tourism and water use: Supply, demand, and security. An international review”, Tourism Management, n°33(1), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.015

GÖSSLING, S. & HALL, C. M. (2006): Tourism & Global Environmental Change. Ed. Routledge, London.

GOUDIE, A. (2000): Hydrology. Dictionary of physical geography, Ed. David S. G. Thomas and Andrew Goudie, Blackwell. Oxford, pp. 256-257.

GOUDSBLOM, J. (1992): Fire and Civilization. Ed. Allen Lane. London.

GRIMM, N. B., GROVE, J. M., PICKETT, S. T. A. & REDMAN, C. L. (2000): “Integrated Approaches to Long-Term Studies of Urban Ecological Systems”, BioScience, 50(7), pp. 571-584. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0571:IATLTO]2.0.CO;2

HELD, I. M., & SODEN, B. J. (2006): “Robust Responses of the Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming”, Climate, 19, pp. 5686–5699. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3990.1

HOFA, A., & SCHMITT, T. (2011): “Urban and tourist land use patterns and water consumption: Evidence from Mallorca, Balearic Islands”, Land Use Policy, 28, pp. 792-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.007

JONES, J. (1997): Global Hydrology: Processes, Resources and Environmental Management. Ed. Longman, Harlow.

KAIKA, M. (2005): City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City. Ed. Routledge, London and New York.

KAIKA, M. (2006): “The political ecology of water scarcity: the 1989-1991 Athenian drought”, pp. 150-164. In KAIKA, M., HEYNEN, N. & SWYNGEDOUW, E. 2006. In the Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism. Questioning Cities. Ed. Routledge, New York.

KALLIS, G. (2010): “Coevolution in water resource development. The vicious cycle of water supply and demand in Athens, Greece” Ecological Economics, 69(4), pp. 796-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.07.025

KEIL, R. & YOUNG, D. (2001): Water, Suburbs and Development: Unearthing the Toronto Region’s Water Regime. Toronto: Faculty of Environmental Studies, Research Development Fund 2001.

KENNEDY, C., CUDDIHY, J. & ENGEL YAN, J. (2007): “The changing metabolism of cities”, Journal of Industrial Ecology, n°11, pp. 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107

KENNEDY, C., PINCETL, S. & BUNJE, P. (2011): “The study of urban metabolism and its application to urban planning and design”, Environmental Pollution, n° 159, pp. 1965-1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.022

KENT, M., NEWNHAM, R. & ESSEX, S. (2002): “Tourism and sustainable water supply in Mallorca: a geographical analysis”. Applied Geography, n° 22, pp. 351-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-6228(02)00050-4

LARRABEITI RODRÍGUEZ, J. J. (2013): “Producción de nuevas «naturalezas urbanas» y sus consecuencias sobre el consumo de agua en alicante”, Investigaciones geográficas, nº 58, pp. 143-170.

LAST, E. & MACKAY, R. (2010): City Water Balance. New tool for scoping Integrated Urban Water Management Options. IAHR European Congress.

LEE, J., PAK, G., YOO, C., KIM, S. & YOON, J. (2010): “Effects of land use change and water reuse options on urban water cycle”, Environmental Science, 22(6), pp. 923-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60199-6

LINTON, J. (2008): “Is the hydrologic cycle sustainable? A historical–geographical critique of a modern concept”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, n° 98(3), pp. 630-649.

LINTON, J. (2010): What is Water? The History of a Modern Abstraction. Ed. UBC Press. Vancouver.

LOFTUS, A. (2006): “The metabolic processes of capital accumulation in Durban’s waterscape”, pp. 165-182. In KAIKA, M., HEYNEN, N. & SWYNGEDOUW, E. 2006. In the Nature of Cities: Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism. Questioning Cities. Ed. Routledge, New York.

MAIDMENT, D. R. (1993): Handbook of Hydrology. Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York: pp. 1-3.

MAKROPOULOS, C. K., NATSIS, K., LIU, S., MITTAS, K. & BUTLER, D. (2008): “Decision support for sustainable option selection in integrated urban water management”, Environmental Modelling and Software, 23(12), pp. 1448-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.04.010

MARIOTTI, A., STRUGLIA, M. V., ZENG, N. & LAU, K. M. (2002): “The Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Region and Implications for the Water Budget of the Mediterranean Sea”, Climate, n°15, pp. 1674-1690.

MCPHERSON, M.B. & SCHNEIDER, W. J. (1974): “Problems in modeling urban watersheds”, Water Resources, 10(3), pp. 434-440. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR010i003p00434

MEHMOOD, A., (2010): “On the History and Potentials of Evolutionary Metaphors in Urban Planning”, Planning Theory, 9(1), pp. 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095209346495

MINX, J., CREUTZIG, F., MEDINGER, V., ZIEGLER, T., OWEN, A. & BAIOCCHI, G. (2010): Developing a Pragmatic Approach to Assess Urban Metabolism in Europe. European Environment Agency, Stockholm Environment Institute.

MITCHELL, V. G. (2006): “Applying Integrated Urban Water Management Concepts: A Review of Australian Experience”, Environmental Management, n° 37, pp. 589-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0252-1

MITCHELL, V. G., MEIN, R. G., & MCMAHON, T. A. (2001): “Modelling the Urban Water Cycle”, Environmental Modelling & Software, 16(7), pp. 615-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00029-9

MOHAMED, E. M., MAHGOUB, N., VAN DER STEEN, P., ABU-ZEID, K. & VAIRAVAMOORTHY, K. (2010): “Towards Sustainability in Urban Water: A Life Cycle Analysis of the Urban Water System of Alexandria City, Egypt”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, pp. 1100-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.02.009

MOLLINGA, P. P. (2013): “Canal irrigation and the hydrosocial cycle The morphogenesis of contested water control in the Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal, South India”, Geoforum.

MUNOZ, F. (2003): “Lock living: urban sprawl in Mediterranean cities”, Cities, 20(6), pp. 381-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2003.08.003

NEWMAN, P. (1999): “Sustainability and cities: extending the metabolism model”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 44(4), pp. 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00009-2

NORMAN, E. S. (2012): “Cultural Politics and Transboundary Resource Governance in the Salish Sea.” Water Alternatives, 5(1), pp. 138-160.

NORMAN, E. S., BAKKER, K. & COOK, C. (2012): “Introduction to the themed section: Water governance and the politics of scale”, Water Alternatives, 5(1), pp. 52-61.

OHMURA, A. & WILD, M. (2002): “Is the Hydrological Cycle Accelerating?” Science, 298(5597), pp. 1345-1346. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078972

OKI, T. & KANAE, S. (2006): “Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources”, Science, 313(5790), pp. 1068-1072. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128845

PAGE, S. & HALL, C. M. (2003): Managing Urban Tourism. Ed. Prentice-Hall. Harlow.

PAP/RAC (1997): Integrated approach to development, management and use of water resources. Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre. Split.

PEÑA GARCÍA, A. (2007): “Una perspectiva social de la problemática del agua Investigaciones Geográficas”, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía, n° 62, pp. 125-137.

PERRAMOND, E. P. (2012): The politics of scaling water governance and adjudication in New Mexico. Water Alternatives, 5(1), pp. 62-82.

PLAN BLEU, CENTRE D’ACTIVITÉ REGIONAL (PB/CAR) (2003): Les Cahiers du Plan Bleu n.2-mai 2003: Threats to Soils in Mediterranean Countries, Document review, PNEU, PAM and Plan Bleu, Sophia Antipolis.

RAPOPORT, E. (2011): Interdisciplinary perspectives on Urban Metabolism. A review of the literature. UCL Environmental Institute working paper. Development planning unit, UCL.

RICO AMOROS, A. M., OLCINA CANTOS, J. & SAURI, D., (2009): “Tourist land use patterns and water demand: evidence from the Western Mediterranean”, Land Use Policy, n° 26(2), pp. 493-501.

RIND, D., ROSENZWEIG, C. & GOLDBERG R. (1992): “Modelling the hydrological cycle in assessments of climate change”, Nature, 358, pp. 119-122. https://doi.org/10.1038/358119a0

ROGERS, P. & HALL, A. (2003): Effective Water Governance. Global Water Partnership Technical Committee, Background Paper n°. 7.

ROZOS, E. & MAKROPOULOS, C. (2013): “Source to tap urban water cycle modeling”, Environmental Modelling & Software, n° 41, pp. 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.11.015

SWYNGEDOUW, E. (1997): “Power, Nature and the City. The Conquest of Water and The Political Ecology of Urbanization in Guayaquil, Ecuador: 1880-1980”, Environment and Planning A, 29(2), pp. 311-332. https://doi.org/10.1068/a290311

SWYNGEDOUW, E. (2005): “Dispossessing H2O: The contested terrain of water privatization”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, n° 16(1), pp. 81-98.

SWYNGEDOUW, E. (2004): Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

SWYNGEDOUW, E., MARIA K., & CASTRO, E. (2002): “Urban water: A political-ecology perspective”, Built Environment n°28 (2), pp. 124-37.

THORNTHWAITE, C. W. & MATHER, J. R. (1955): “The water balance”, Climatology, n° 8(1), p.104.

TIMMERMAN, P. & WHITE, R. (1997): “Megahydropolis: coastal cities in the context of global environment change”, Global Environmental Change, n° 7(3), pp. 205-234.

TRUST (2013): TRansitions to the UrbanWater Services of Tomorrow. Deliverable of the working area 3. Available online at: http://www.trust-i.net/

TUAN, Y. F. (1968): The hydrologic cycle and the wisdom of God: A theme in geoteleology. Ed. University of Toronto Press. Toronto.

UNEP/MAP (2012): State of the Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment. UNEP/MAP – Barcelona Convention, Athens.

UNEP/MAP/BP/RAC (2009): The State of the Environment and Development in the Mediterranean 2009. United Nations Environment Programme, Mediterranean Action Plan, Blue Plan Regional Activity Centre, Vallbone.

UNEP/MAP-PLAN BLEU (2009): State of the Environment and Development in the Mediterranean, UNEP/MAP-Plan Bleu. Athens.

UNEP-MAP (2007): Guidelines for Integrated Urban Water System Management in Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean. Vol 1. Principle and Planning, Priority Actions Program - Regional Activity Centre. Athens.

UNESCO-IHP-VI (2006): Urban water cycle processes and interactions. Technical Document in Hydrology. UNESCO Working Series n° 78, Paris.

UN-HABITAT (2011): Water for cities. Responding to the urban challenge. Final Report. World Water Day 2011. Water and Urbanization. Nairobi.

UN-HABITAT (2012): State of the World’s Cities Report 2012/2013: Prosperity of Cities, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). Nairobi, Kenya.

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)– World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) (2012): Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk. The United Nations World Water Report 4. Paris.

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) – World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) (2009): Water in a Changing World. The United Nations World Water Report 3. Ed. UNESCO and Earthscan. Paris and London.

UNWTO (2012): UNWTO Tourism Highlights. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) World Tourism barometer. Madrid.

VAN DER BRUGGE, R., & VAN RAAK, R. (2007): “Facing the adaptive management challenge: insights from transition management”, Ecology and Society, 12(2), p. 33. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02227-120233

VAN DER BRUGGE, R., ROTMANS, J. & LOORBACH, D. (2005): “The transition in Dutch water management”, Regional Environmental Change, 5(4), pp. 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-004-0086-7

VAN LEEUWEN, C. J., FRIJNS, J., VAN WEZEL, A., VAN DE VEN, F. H. M. (2011): City Blueprints: 24 indicators to assess the sustainability of the urban water cycle. Springer-Verlag.

VIOLI P., & LORUSSO, A. M. (2011): Effetto Med immagini, discorsi, loghi. Ed. Fausto Lupetti. Bologna.

VOGEL, E. (2012): “Parcelling out the watershed: The recurring consequences of organising Columbia river management within a basin-based territory. Water Alternatives 5(1): 161-190.

WANGA,X., OTTOA, I. M. & YUB, L. (2013): “How physical and social factors affect village-level irrigation: An institutional analysis of water governance in northern China”, Agricultural Water Management, n° 119, pp. 10-18.

WHITE, G. F. (1945): Human adjustment to floods. Department of Geography Research n° 29, Ed. The University of Chicago, Chicago.

WOLMAN, A. (1965): The metabolism of cities. Scientific American, 213(3), pp. 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0965-178

WTM (2007): World travel market ‘‘no water no future’’. From International Center for Responsible Tourism: http://www.icrtourism.org/water.pdf

ZIMMERER, Z. S. (2011): “The landscape technology of spate irrigation amid development changes: Assembling the links to resources, livelihoods, and agrobiodiversity-food in the Bolivian Andes”, Global Environmental Change, 21, pp. 917-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.002